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"Clearly, the weight of historical and medical evidence indicates that Jesus was dead before the wound to his side was inflicted ... death by crucifixion was, in essence, an agonizing death by asphyxia."
Source
JAMA — On the Physical Death of Jesus Christ
JAMA 255(11), 1455–1463 (1986)
Author
Edwards, Gabel & Hosmer
Date
1986
Credibility & evidentiary value

A medical analysis of crucifixion physiology. Widely cited; some of its forensic reconstruction is debated, but the mechanism (asphyxia/shock) is broadly accepted.

Citation · Chicago

W.D. Edwards, W.J. Gabel, F.E. Hosmer, 'On the Physical Death of Jesus Christ,' JAMA 255, no. 11 (1986): 1455–1463.

Used in topics
Historical AnalysisScourging and Roman Crucifixion
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